Many papillary thyroid cancers have changes in the BRAF gene, so drugs such as vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and selumetinib that target the BRAF gene are being studied in thyroid cancers with this gene change.

Elastography is a method recently being used in the evaluation of thyroid nodules, it works by comparing tissue elasticity. Strain elastography assesses the colours within and around the nodules, regions of interest and calculates the strain ratio for probability of malignancy.

In 2015 the revised American Thyroid association guidelines in MTC management recommended that if the FNA suggested of MTC, the calcitonin should be measured in the FNA washout fluid and IHC the sample to detect calcitonin, chromoaganin, CEA and the absence of thyroglobulin.

The best practice recommendation for the management of bronchial carcinoid come from the ENETs which takes into account the pathology, mitotic rate, SSTR expression, and growth rate .

The PROMID trial demonstrates the antitumor efficacy of octreotide in advanced midgut carcinoid tumours however there are no prospective data for the use of somatostatin analogues as antiproliferative agents in pancreatic NETs.

The mixed meal test is an investigation for reactive hypoglycemia. There is no standard protocol but it is recommended that the patients should eat a similar meal to the meal that causes the symptoms in everyday life.

Currently the cytotoxic therapies such as streptozocin, 5 FU or temozolomide are listed as to be considered for pancreatic NET however currently there is no tole for cytotoxic therapies in advanced carcinoid.

The International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group prognostic classification is the generally accepted prognostic tool for treatment decisions and eligibility for clinical trials in metastatic testicular cancer disease.

Testicular adrenal rest tumours in infants and toddlers is not known however a study of neonatal autopsies showed presence of ectopic adrenal tissue in three of seven patients less than eight weeks old and in 14 children more than 14 months old.

Recently, ten separate heterozygous mutations in MKRN3 which is a paternally expressed imprinted gene located within the region affected in Prader Willi Syndrome, have been found to be associated with sporadic and familial central precocious puberty.

Recently the FIRM-ACT trial which compared between the use of mitotane, with etoposide-cisplatin-doxorubicin (M-EDP) with mitotane-streptozotocin (M-Sz) as a first-line or second-line treatment. The trial showed that M-EDP was associated with a better progression free survival.

Proliferation index, as Ki67 and mitotic count help to assess the ACC prognosis. Very recently, a large European study in localized ACC identified Ki67 as the single most important factor predicting recurrence in patients following R0 resection

A large retrospective analysis comparing two independent cohorts showed that patients with adjuvant mitotane had a significant improvement in recurrence free survival.