Image-Based Abuse: Taking, sharing, or threatening to share an intimate image or video without consent.

Cyber Harassment: Repeated harassment or threatening of an individual(s) in digital spaces.

Gender Trolling/Disinformation: The spreading or sharing of gender-based insults or hate speech or false or misleading gender-based narratives, often coordinated by groups to deter survivors from participating in public life.

Creep Shots: Using mobile phones and cameras to take ‘up the skirt’ or ‘down the blouse’ images of someone without their consent.

Deep Fakes: Using technology to create photographs or videos in which a person’s face is superimposed on the image of another body, often to create fake nudes and explicit images or videos.

Cyber Stalking: Monitoring an individual’s location and activities through geo-location trackers or monitoring their use of the internet.

Impersonation: Using technology to pretend to be someone else, usually involving the creation of fake social media accounts using the name and image of the person they are impersonating.

Repeated Wrong Dials: Purposefully and regularly ‘miscalling’ another individual, often from an unknown number.

Cyber Flashing: Sending unsolicited sexually explicit images or videos to another person without the receiver’s consent

Doxxing: Purposefully leaking personal or identifying documents or details online (e.g. home address) about someone without their consent.

Smart Home Abuse: Manipulating smart home technology (such as electronic thermostats, speakers, lights and locks) to surveil, harass, or control someone's environment.

Zoom Bombing: Disrupting online video calls without authorisation and inundating participants with unsolicited and disturbing content, such as graphic sexual images, videos or/and derogatory words.

Outing: Revealing a person's gender identity or sexuality without their consent, either publicly to the Internet or privately to their friends and family.

Want to learn more? Orbits is a new field guide from Chayn and End Cyber Abuse to advance interventions to technology-facilitated gender-based violence in tech, research and policy. Find it at c.chayn.co/orbits

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