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August 21, 1770 Captain James Cook formally claimed eastern Australia for Great Britain, originally naming the land New Wales which was later amended to New South Wales (NSW).

August 21, 1821 Sailors aboard the British ship Eliza Francis discovered Jarvis Island, a small coral island about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands.

August 23, 1595 Michael The Brave, Prince of Wallachia (southern Romania), defeated the much larger invading Ottoman army at the Battle of Călugăreni. Michael would go on to unite Wallachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia to form the precursor to modern Romania.

August 27, 1498 Michelangelo was formally commissioned by Cardinal Jean Bilheres de Lagraulas, French envoy to the pope, to create a life size sculpture of the Virgin Mary and Jesus. The resulting sculpture was the Pietà, which sits in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City.

September 3, 1976 NASA's Viking 2 spacecraft landed on Mars, about 200 km west of the crater Mie, at Utopia Planitia. The lander operated on the surface for 1281 sols (solar days on Mars) and was turned off on April 11, 1980 when its batteries failed.

September 3, 1935 Sir Malcolm Campbell reached 304.331 miles per hour on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, becoming the first person to drive an automobile over 300 mph.

September 4, 1888 American George Eastman registered the trademark "Kodak" and received a patent for his camera that uses roll film (the No 1 Kodak camera). He would go on to form the Eastman Kodak company 4 years later.

September 5, 1846 Jasper Newton "Jack" Daniel, creator of Jack Daniels whiskey, was born in Lynchburg, Tennessee.

September 6, 1892 English physicist Edward Victor Appleton was born in Bradford, West Yorkshire. He received the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the knowledge of the ionosphere, which led to the development of radar.

Sep 6, 1876 Scottish physician John James Richard Macleod was born in Perth and Kinross. He is best known for his efforts, along with Frederick Banting and Charles Best, in the discovery of insulin to treat diabetes. For this, he received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1923

September 8, 1565 The city of St. Augustine (present-day Florida) was founded by Spanish Admiral Pedro Menéndez de Aviles. It is the oldest surviving European settlement in the United States.

September 9, 1892 American astronomer Edward Emerson Barnard discovered Amalthea, the third moon of Jupiter. It is also known by the name Jupiter V.

September 10, 1797 Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander was born in the city of Kalmar. He is famous for discovering the elements lanthanum, erbium and terbium, and was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1833.

September 10, 1846 American inventor Elias Howe patented a new sewing machine (U.S. Patent 4,750), the first American patent for a sewing machine using a lockstitch design. This patent originated significant refinements to the design concepts of previous machines.

September 11, 1994 American swimmer Tom Dolan set a world record in the 400m medley (4:12.30), at a competition in Rome.

September 11, 1816 Carl Zeiss was born in Weimar, Germany. He was an inventor and maker of optical instruments, best known for the company he founded, Carl Zeiss Jena. He made many important contributions to the process of lens manufacturing.