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Enver Pasha practicing with a Luger pistol during target shooting, circa 1917.

A view of Istanbul from the late 19th century, painted by Félix Ziem.

Bilal Efendi, an Ottoman cavalry captain in the 1890s.

Ladies of Istanbul from the late Ottoman period.

People getting shaved at a barbershop in the late Ottoman period.

The world map prepared by Piri Reis.

A rare photograph of Sultan Abdulhamid II from an Armenian propaganda newspaper from the 1900s.

A drawing of Enver Pasha, portrayed by the Germans as the "Turkish Napoleon."

Mustafa Kemal, the first President and founder of the Republic of Turkey, smoking a cigarette at the Forest Farm.

A street in Üsküdar / Istanbul, during the late Ottoman period.

An engraving showing the Ortaköy Mosque in Istanbul, circa 1910.

Fakhri Pasha.

In this propaganda poster, produced after the Kingdom of Greece began its occupation of Anatolia in 1919, a proud Turkish woman stands tall, holding the Turkish flag aloft with the Greek flag beneath her feet.

Refia Sultan, daughter of Sultan Abdulmecid.

Mustafa Kemal, the commander-in-chief of the Turkish War of Independence, founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey, during the Sivas Congress in 1919.

A depiction of Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha.