Peri-operative assessment and management for thyroid dysfunctionThyroid dysfunction has been associated with different intra and post-operative complications that optimization of the thyroid function preoperatively has become so important. The status of..

pheochromocytoma pre operative alpha and beta blockage essential aplha blockage commenced first with phenoxybenzamine and watch for adequate blockage by postural fall in bp before staring beta blockage with propanolol

Diabetic ketoacidosis important fluid and potassium replacement An important point is to have a side drip of dextrose 10% at a rate of 125mlper hour and maintaining the same insulin infusion rate consider shifting from infusion to sc insulin when ph>7.3 and blood ketones <0.3

etodimate an agent commonly used for rapid sequence intubation due to its cardiovascular stability and limited respiratory depression is associated with adrenal insufficiency by inhibiting the enzyme 11β-hydroxylase

conn's syndrome can be treated with eplerenone at a dose of 50-200mg per day .Eplerenone is a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist without anti-androgenic effects.

patient with acute severe hypocalcemia having tetany and seizures. Start with an infusion over 10min of 20ml of 10% calcium gluconate in 100ml of 5%dextrose giving in total 4.5mmol of elemental calcium

In acute severe hypocalcemia, a maintenance fluid infusion of 40ml of 10% calcium gluconate in 1L of 5%dextrose given over 24hr. Serum calcium checked every 6hr.

The cause of hypocalcemia should be looked for which can be hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism or vitamin d deficiency

ultrasound guided FNAC can be an excellent tool for non palpable thyroid nodule and nodules that are technically difficult to aspirate such as posteriorly located and cystic nodules.

radioiodine therapy have rare side effects but in elderly heart patients, it should be used with extreme caution as the first 72 hours post initiation of treatment is associated with a rise in thyroid hormones levels which may exacerbate heart failure

the differentiation of benign follicular thyroid adenoma with that of low grade encapsulated or minimally invasive carcinoma is almost impossible for the cytologist. Therefore, surgery is usually recommended.

emergency pack for addison's patient 100mg vial hydrocortisone with blue and green needle alongside alcohol wipe , 2ml syringe and water for injection