Cleodemus Malchus, a 2nd century BCE writer cited by Polyhistor and preserved by Josephus and Eusebius, claims Moses as his authority, explicitly referencing Genesis. In his version, Abraham’s son Assouri became the namesake of Assyria, while Apher and Aphran gave their names to

Philostratus, writing in the early 3rd century, described the inhabitants of both Nineveh and Antioch as Assyrians, implying a shared cultural zone. Other writers used Syrian for the same people, and Lucian of Samosata even referred to himself in different works as both a Syrian

Medieval sources record that in the 5th century CE, an Assyrian church dedicated to Jonah ibn Matai stood on the Mound of Repentance in Nineveh, showcasing the site’s Assyrian Christian heritage long before later transformations of it into a Muslim mosque. 📌\ — Constructing

Gregory Nazianzen (c. 329–390 AD), Archbishop of Constantinople, recounting Julian’s Persian campaign, speaks of touching the blessed land of the Assyrians. He describes Roman troops looting wealthy Assyrian villages, numerous in population with towns spread all over Assyria

Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī (c. 1179–1229 AD), the medieval geographer, writes in Muʿjam al-Buldān: “Mosul, before it was called by this name, was called Athūr (Assyria). Some said Uqqūr. It is also said that the name applied to the whole district of al-Jazīra.” Source:

Following the decline in Babylon’s status, Xerxes strengthened ties with Assyrians, who had served Darius by supplying timber, producing essential agricultural goods, and forming the largest unit of heavy infantry. In return, they were granted the rare right to govern their own

In ‘Biblical Criticism on the First Fourteen Historical Books of the Old Testament’ (1820), Samuel Horsley notes that the Tyrian people were said to have been founded by an Assyrian. He explains that the first founders of the Phoenician state, Sidon and later Tyre, were an

Eusebius (c. 260–339 CE), the great historian who was one of many authors and writers of that time associated in Classical Assyrian (Syriac), when describing Constantius II’s engineering project at Seleucia in Isauria (modern Silifke, southern Turkey), notes that “Constantius

During the civil war between Julius Caesar and Pompey, which resulted in the Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC), the casualties were so immense that Rome’s death toll became a global event. The Roman poet Lucan (c. 39–65 CE) in his epic Pharsalia describes the bloodshed of this battle.