Phagocytic immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils defend the body against invading microbes by generating superoxide through the NADPH oxidase (NOX2) enzyme complex. This rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is known as the “respiratory burst,” a vital

The images illustrate various mechanisms through which tumor cells evade immune detection and suppress immune responses. The first two figures focus on the PD-1/PD-L1 and PD-L2 interactions between tumor cells and T cells. PD-1, a receptor on T cells, binds to PD-L1 and PD-L2

The GABA_A receptor plays a vital role in maintaining balance in the brain by controlling neuronal activity. When the neurotransmitter GABA binds to this receptor, it opens a channel that lets chloride ions (Cl⁻) flow into the neuron, reducing its activity and calming the

The reverse transcriptase recognises the RNA strand of the viral genome, and transcribes it into single stranded DNA (ssDNA) at the polymerase active site.

What do you know about innate and adaptive immunity? Innate and adaptive immunity are two critical components of the immune system that work together to defend the body against pathogens. Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense, providing a rapid, non-specific

This diagram highlights the key differences between mitosis and meiosis, showing how cells duplicate and divide their genetic material. Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells for growth and tissue repair, while meiosis involves two rounds of division that generate four

A ribosome translating a protein. Video made by CBEHx #biology #cbehx #science #medicine #cbehxeducation #research

A new breakthrough treatment for blood cancer is being introduced by the NHS, making it the first health system in the world to offer the therapy. The drug, called belantamab mafodotin, is designed to work like a “Trojan horse,” attaching to cancer cells and delivering a powerful

Transcriptional misregulation is associated with different diseases and syndromes. Misregulation includes unintended mutations in regulatory regions, transcription factors and cofactors, chromatin regulators, and noncoding RNAs. Such mutations can lead to diseases such as cancer,

MHC Class II (MHC-II) - Antigen Processing.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the World Health Organization, has evaluated the cancer risk of hormonal contraceptives through its Monographs on carcinogenic hazards. Based on epidemiological evidence in humans, combined oral contraceptives

The image shows the process of transcription, in which genetic information stored in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). In this process, the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a section of DNA and opens the double helix, forming a small region where the strands separate. One of

The image shows the structure and organization of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) inside living cells. DNA has a double helix shape that looks like a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are made of a sugar-phosphate backbone, which gives the molecule support and stability. Inside

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a protein ligand that binds to programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1). PD-1 is an immune checkpoint receptor. PD-L1 is expressed by lymphoid, endothelial, and epithelial cells. Expression of PD-L1 on tumour cells helps in evading immune response

RNA processing: splicing.

Neoantigens are antigens that are newly formed from altered tumour proteins. Although neoantigens are new to the immune system, they can induce immune response, and these antigens may help to predict sensitivity of tumours to immuno-oncology therapy. IMPORTANCE •Neoantigens are

The reverse transcriptase recognises the RNA strand of the viral genome, and transcribes it into single stranded DNA (ssDNA) at the polymerase active site. #transcription #viral #science #research #biotech

Recent research suggests that Alzheimer’s disease may not begin in the brain as traditionally believed, but could instead be triggered by inflammation in other parts of the body such as the skin, lungs, or gut. Scientists using genetic analysis have found evidence that immune

Levels of regulation of gene expression.